Terms	Abbreviation	Description	Link
CDC State Injury Indicators	SII	The State Injury Indicators (SII) are a series of indicator recommendations published by CDC and used by state health departments to calculate and report injury.	https://www.cdc.gov/injury/stateprograms/indicators.html
Contributing Cause		This term is formally used referring to specific fields on the death certificate. It is sometimes more informally applied to hospitalization data to refer to diagnoses other than the principal diagnosis.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists	CSTE	CSTE is an organization of member states and territories representing public health epidemiologists, working to advance public health surveillance policy and epidemiologic capacity to conduct sound public health surveillance.
CSTE Policy Briefs		CSTE policy briefs describe CSTE positions on public health and epidemiologic issues. CSTE policy briefs can suggest policy action(s) that does not affect state or local law/rule/regulation, provide guidance for best practices, state support for specific policies or guidelines from other organizations or endorse positions taken by other organizations, etc.	https://www.cste.org/page/BriefsLanding
CSTE Position Statements		CSTE position statements describe standardize surveillance case definitions, maintain the Nationally Notifiable Condition List that states must report to CDC, and address policy issues that could affect state or local law, rules or regulations. CSTE members can write and submit CSTE position statements each spring and then the CSTE membership discuss, revise and vote on position statements at the Annual Conference in June. CSTE position statement authors must be active CSTE members, although associate members (such as staff from federal agencies) may be co-authors	https://www.cste.org/page/PSLanding
CSTE Issue Briefs		CSTE issue briefs identify, define, and explain issues. Issue briefs can be statements of fact about an issue, provide CSTE’s opinion or perspective on an issue, summarize a meeting or the results of an assessment with its implications, present the state of a content area or condition, provide an overview of a topic, etc.	https://www.cste.org/page/BriefsLanding
Emergency Department Data	ED	Medical billing data that are collected from EDs visits.
External Cause of Injury Codes		ICD-10-CM (V, W, X. and Y Chapters of the US ICD-10-CM coding manual) codes used to describe the mechanism and intent of the injury. External cause of injury information is also included in some codes in the T Chapter. The External Cause of Injury Chapters also include codes for place, activity, alcohol involvement (blood alcohol level, and work status at time of injury in addition to mechanism and intent.
External Cause of Injury Matrix		The external cause of injury matrix describes the mechanism that transfers the energy (force) to the body (e.g. fall, motor vehicle traffic accident, or poisoning) and the intent of the injury (e.g. whether the injury was inflicted purposefully).	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/injury_matrices.htm
Hospitalization Data		Medical billing data thatcollected from hospitalizations.
ICD Injury Matrices		The ICD Injury matrices are frameworks designed to organize ICD coded injury data into meaningful groupings to facilitate national and international comparability in the presentation of injury statistics.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/injury/injury_matrices.htm
Injury Diagnosis Codes		ICD-10-CM (S and T Chapters of the US ICD-10-CM coding manual) used to describe the injury by the nature of an Injury (burns, sprains, etc.) and the body region (extremity, head, etc.).
Injury Diagnosis Matrix		The injury diagnosis matrix describes the resulting injury by nature of an injury (burns, sprains, etc.) and the body region.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr089.pdf
International Classification of Diseases	ICD	A set of medical codes and related codes determined by the World Health Organization (WHO)
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision	ICD-9	This was the previous version of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for mortality statistics.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9.htm
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision	ICD-10	For mortality statistics, ICD-10 is the standard for international comparison for causes of deaths. ICD-10 is published by the World Health Organization (WHO). The U.S. adopted ICD-10 for mortality data in 1999.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm
International Classification of Diseases – Ninth Revision – Clinical Modifications	ICD-9-CM	The US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services publishes the Clinical Modifications for use with medical provider data. The ICD-9-CM was used to code US medical provider data from 1979 until October 1, 2015.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9cm.htm
International Classification of Diseases –Tenth Revision – Clinical Modifications	ICD-10-CM	The US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services publishes the Clinical Modifications for use with medical provider data. The ICD-10-CM was implemented October 1, 2015.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
National Center for Health Statistics	NCHS	Also known as NCHS, this Center is the principal health statistics agency of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and for the nation—collecting and analyzing healthcare data.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
National Center for injury Prevention and Control	NCICP	Also known as NCIPC, this Center tracks injuries and deaths, researches injury and violence prevention strategies, develops and evaluates prevention strategies, and supports the implementation of programs.	https://www.cdc.gov/injury/about/index.html
Principal Diagnosis		Hospital Discharge Data contains a principal diagnosis which identifies the primary reason for the encounter of inpatient care. (Also sometimes referred to as primary diagnosis.) The US ICD-10-CM coding manual specifies which codes can be a principal diagnosis. Note: Emergency department data does not contain a principal diagnosis field.
R		Open source software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is available on a wide variety of platforms, including Windows and MacOS. R provides an ever-expanding library of statistical (linear and nonlinear modeling, classic statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, …) and graphical techniques.¹²	https://www.r-project.org/
Seventh (7th) character of ICD-10-CM code	E.g. S12.9XXA	This code is related to how the injury diagnosis was related to the medical encounter type. A seventh character of “A”, “B”, or “C” is used for initial encounters or medical care. Whereas, a seventh character of “D” through “R” is for subsequent medical encounters (D - R). A seventh character of “S” is for a sequela of an injury event, such as complications and/or conditions resulting from an injury. For External Cause: A: Initial encounter; D: Subsequent encounter; S: Sequelae. For Injury Diagnosis: A, B, C: Initial encounter; D through R: Subsequent encounter; S: Sequelae.
Underlying Cause		This term is formally used referring to a specific field on the death certificate. This field must contain an external cause of injury code to be considered an injury death.
Validation		The process of establishing that a method is sound, that is, the method leads to unbiased results. In epidemiology, external validity is often described as generalizable to a population.¹³
Valid methods		Unbiased methods, such that on average results are close to the truth.¹⁴
Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System	WISQARS	An interactive, online database that provides fatal and nonfatal injury, violent death, and cost of injury data from a variety of trusted sources. Researchers, the media, public health professionals, and the public can use WISQARS™ data to learn more about the public health and economic burden associated with unintentional and violence-related injury in the United States.	https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html
Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research	WONDER	An easy-to-use, menu-driven system that makes the information resources of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) available to public health professionals and the public at large. It provides access to a wide array of public health information.	https://wonder.cdc.gov/

Explanation of Concepts

Concept	Description
Any Mention of Valid External cause of injury codes	Records can have more than one external cause of injury code. For surveillance purposes it is important to consider whether to classify the case by using only the first code that contains external cause of injury information or to classify the case using an “any mention” approach which classifies a case if it has such a code in any position. The any mention approach can result in a case being counted in more than one category if multiple codes with external cause of injury information are present.
Embedded External Code within the diagnosis codes	In the ICD-10-CM there are a number of diagnosis codes which contain external cause information. This adds complexity to determining a first listed external cause of injury.
Healthcare Billing data	Data whose purpose is to bill for reimbursement of healthcare or treatment. In the US, these data are based on the Uniform Billing standard established in 2004 and the form is often described as UB-04. Health plans reimburse for the procedures, not for the diagnoses, which are included only to justify the procedures. UB-04 is further described in the appendix.
Injury Subset	A subset of all hospitalizations where the principle diagnosis (i.e. first listed diagnosis code) is an injury. This indicates that the primary reason for the encounter of inpatient care was for an injury.
Key of Three	A set of correct answers based on at least three programing approaches to querying the validation dataset (e.g. three different programmers run the validation dataset with their own program and all result in the same answers). The project specific “Key of Three” then becomes the measuring stick for programing accuracy.
Regular expressions	Regular expression is a pattern that describes a specific set of strings with a common structure. It is heavily used for string matching / replacing in all programming languages, although specific syntax may differ a bit. It is the heart and soul for string operations. Regular expressions typically specify characters (or character classes) to seek out, possibly with information about repeats and location within the string. This is accomplished with the help of metacharacters that have specific meaning: $ * + . ? [ ] ^ { } \| ( ) \.
Secondary data analysis	Analysis using data created for a different purpose than the purpose of the secondary analysis. For example, public health staff can conduct secondary data analysis of healthcare billing data in order to monitor injuries that receive medical care.
Validation of proposed surveillance methods	The testing of the definitions and frameworks to assist in the standardization of results (often across jurisdictions and time) for comparison purposes. There are different methods for testing, such as a medical record review.
Validation of programming code	Standardized datasets, such as the Validation Datasets included in this toolkit, are fictional datasets with known answers that can be used to test programming code and ensure that users will obtain the correct answers. This validated programming code can later be used to implement the surveillance methods described above.

Additional Resources

ICD-10-CM 101: The Basics of ICD-10-CM Code Types and Structure

Types of ICD-10-CM codes

There are two basic types of ICD-10-CM codes used for injury and drug overdose surveillance:

· Diagnosis codes (“S” and “T” codes), which contain information about the body region and nature of injury – for example left leg fracture or scalp laceration

· External cause of injury codes (“V,” “W,” “X” and “Y” codes) which answer the following questions about the circumstances of the injury:

o How did it occur? What was the mechanism or cause of the injury?

o What was the intent? Unintentional, intentional self-harm, assault, or undetermined

o Where did it occur? Place of occurrence codes (Y92)

o What the person was doing at the time the injury occurred? Activity codes (Y93)

o What was the person’s status at the time of injury? Status codes (Y99) Civilian, military, volunteer, or other

This toolkit focuses on ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes as well as external cause of injury codes that convey mechanism and intent information - referred to throughout this toolkit as “external cause of injury codes”. Place of occurrence, activity, and status external cause of injury codes may be useful to injury researchers and epidemiologists but are not explored in this toolkit.

Diagnosis codes and external cause of injury codes complement each other to give a rounded picture of an injury or overdose. External cause of injury codes are useful from a public health perspective because they shed some light on how and why an injury occurred and hence how it might have been prevented. On the contrary, diagnosis codes have more utility from a health service delivery perspective and inform reimbursement. Per the ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting: “Unless a provider is subject to a state-based external cause of injury code reporting mandate or these codes are required by a particular payer, reporting of ICD-10-CM codes in Chapter 20, External Causes of Morbidity, is not required.” Thus, while medical coders are required to submit diagnosis codes for reimbursement purposes, the percentage of records that have both an injury diagnosis code and an external cause of injury code can vary by jurisdiction and facility. Epidemiologists should determine the rate of external cause coding within their dataset prior to interpreting the data.

It is important to note that in ICD-10-CM, a handful of “T” codes actually function as both a diagnosis and external cause of injury code. This applies to overdose codes (T36-T50) and toxic effects codes (T51-T65), where information about the drug or substance involved and the intent are captured a single code. There are several other “T” diagnosis codes that also contain external cause information. See table below.

Diagnosis codes in ICD-10-CM that convey external cause (mechanism/intent) information

ICD-10-CM Diagnosis code (T code)	Type of External Cause
T14.91	Suicide attempt
T15-T19	Effects of foreign body entering through natural orifice
T36-T50 with a 6th character of 1, 2, 3, or 4 (Exceptions: T36.9, T37.9, T39.9, T41.4, T42.7, T43.9, T45.9, T47.9, and T49.9 with a 5th character of 1, 2, 3, or 4)	Poisoning by drugs, medicaments, and biological substances
T51-T65	Toxic effects of substances chiefly non-medicinal as to source
T71	Asphyxiation
T73	Effects of deprivation
T74, T76	Adult and child abuse, neglect, and other maltreatment, confirmed or suspected
T75.0, T75.2, T75.3	Effects of lightning, Effects of vibration, Motion sickness

Structure of ICD-10-CM codes

Both diagnosis and external cause of injury codes in the ICD-10-CM code set can have three to seven alphanumeric characters. The first character is always alpha, the second character is always numeric, and characters 3-7 are alpha or numeric. The first three characters of an ICD-10-CM code designate the general category in which the code belongs, which is further expanded in the fourth, fifth, and sixth characters to add more specific details on related etiology (mechanism and/or intent), anatomic site, and severity. For codes related to injury and overdose, the 7^th character denotes the encounter type (e.g., initial encounter, subsequent encounter, or sequelae). The character for encounter type must always be in the 7^th position, so if a code has less than 6 characters and requires a 7^th character extension, all of the empty character spaces should be filled with the placeholder “X”. A decimal is placed between the 3^rd and 4^th characters, however these decimals may be removed during the data cleaning and preparation stage. See Table 1 from the “Preparing your data”.

Key Differences Between ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM³

Injury Diagnosis Codes

ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes	ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Codes
2,600 codes	43,000 codes
Code range 800-995	“S” and “T” codes
Codes consist of 3-5 characters	Codes consist of 3-7 characters; some codes have an “X” placeholder character to accommodate new codes in the future
Primary axis is nature of injury	Primary axis is body region
No character to indicate laterality	Characters within the code indicate left, right, bilateral, unspecified laterality
Limited detail on type of fracture	Detailed information on type of fracture
Laceration codes do not specify presence/absence of a foreign body	Laceration codes specify presence/absence of a foreign body
Limited information on superficial injuries	Detailed information on superficial injuries
Codes for poisoning and adverse effects of drugs	Codes for poisoning, adverse effects and underdosing of drugs
Poisoning: coded using both diagnosis codes and external cause of injury codes	Poisoning: coded using a diagnosis code only (T code); a character in the code identifies the intent of the poisoning (unintentional, intentional self-harm, assault, or undetermined)
Asphyxiation: 994.7	40 diagnosis codes for asphyxiation or strangulation by different mechanisms and intents
No distinction between suspected and confirmed child/adult abuse	New codes to distinguish between suspected and confirmed child/adult abuse
No distinction between initial and subsequent encounter for care	Most codes have a 7th character to distinguish between initial and subsequent encounter for care
Limited late effect codes	Most codes have a 7th character indicating sequelae (late effects)

External cause of injury codes

ICD-9-CM	ICD-10-CM
1,300 codes	7,500 codes
External cause of injury codes begin with “E” and are commonly referred to as “E-codes”	External cause of injury codes begin with “V,” “W,” “X” or “Y”
Codes contains 3-5 characters	Code contains 3-7 characters; some codes have an “X” placeholder character to accommodate new codes in the future
No distinction between initial or subsequent encounters	7th character to designate initial or subsequent encounter
Limited external cause of injury codes for late effect	7th character indicates sequelae (late effects)
External cause of injury codes for intentional self-inflicted injuries are referred to as Suicide/self-inflicted	External cause of injury codes for intentional self-inflicted injuries are referred to as Intentional self-harm
External cause of injury codes for intentional harm by other persons are referred to as Homicide and injury purposely inflicted by other persons	External cause of injury codes for intentional harm by other persons are referred to as Assault
Includes specific external cause of injury codes for: poisoning and toxic effects of substances, asphyxiation, effects of foreign bodies, deprivation and neglect, lightning, and vibration.	Includes specific diagnosis (nature of injury) codes for: poisoning and toxic effects of substances, asphyxiation, effects of foreign bodies, deprivation and neglect, lightning, and vibration.
Includes external cause of injury codes for perpetrator of child and adult abuse (E967.0-.9); includes diagnosis codes for child maltreatment and abuse (995.50-995.59) and adult maltreatment and abuse (995.80-.85)	External cause of injury codes for perpetrator of assault, maltreatment and neglect (Y07) are expanded; includes diagnosis codes to specify adult and child abuse, neglect, and other maltreatment, confirmed (T74) and suspected (T76)

Selected Common Data Elements and their Structure

Data Element	Description
Primary diagnosis code fields*	A single field populated with an ICD-10-CM diagnosis code. For hospitalization datasets: The official name of this field is the “Principal Diagnosis” field. The Uniform Hospital Discharge Dataset (UHDDS) definition for principal diagnosis is “the condition established after study to be chiefly responsible for occasioning the admission of the patient to the hospital for care”. For ED datasets: This field is often referred to as the “first-listed diagnosis” rather than the “principal diagnosis”, and the code found there does not have the same significance. In the ED, medical coders must “list first the ICD-10-CM code for the diagnosis, condition, problem, or other reason for encounter/visit shown in the medical record to be chiefly responsible for the services provided”, however if a physician has not confirmed the patient’s diagnosis, the coder can list a symptom in this field.
Secondary diagnosis code fields	These fields are populated with ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes representing additional conditions present at the time of the hospitalization or ED visit. Some jurisdictions have an array of secondary diagnosis fields for each record. The available number of diagnosis fields varies by jurisdictions. The order of codes found in these fields has no significance and should not be interpreted.
External cause of injury fields	These fields are populated with ICD-10-CM external cause of injury codes, but may also include activity, place, or status codes. Some jurisdictions have an array of external cause of injury fields for each record, while others have only one dedicated external cause of injury field, and other have no dedicated fields but instead intersperse external cause of injury codes within the available diagnosis fields.
Demographic fields	Datasets may include several fields for demographic information including race, gender, and age.
Date of discharge field	This field houses date the patient is discharged. For injury surveillance, epidemiologists should use the discharge date to classify cases into time periods.
Discharge status field	This field provides codes that indicate the status of the patient at time of discharge, for example, “routine/discharged home”, “left against medical advice, “discharged/transferred to short-term facility”, or “dead”.

*See the “Data Dictionary for General Injury Validation Datasets” [KL1] for examples of how these and other fields may be populated in a discharge dataset

Additional Resource List

Title	Link
AHIMA Coding Injuries in ICD-10-CM	http://library.ahima.org/~/link.aspx?_id=E32C04546A7E434F922DA8D319087C96&_z=z#.XKT4FkxFyUl
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services	https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/index.html
CMS Coding Guidelines	https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/Downloads/2019-ICD10-Coding-Guidelines-.pdf https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/2019-ICD-10-CM.html
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists	https://www.cste.org/
General Equivalence Mappings (GEMS) to develop crosswalks between ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM (2018 release of ICD-10-CM)	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
Hedegaard H, Schoenbaum M, Claassen C, Crosby A, Holland K, Proescholdbell S. Issues in developing a surveillance case definition for nonfatal suicide attempt and intentional self-harm using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–10–CM) coded data. National Health Statistics Reports; no 108. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2018.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr108.pdf
Injury Surveillance Workgroup 9 (ISW9) report Note: This report is useful for education purposes, but it is not the latest resource and should not be used for decision making.	https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.safestates.org/resource/resmgr/isw9/ISW9_FINAL_Report.pdf
Interactive Data Tools and Query Systems (NCHS)	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/tools/index.htm
International Classification of Diseases –Tenth Revision – Clinical Modifications	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
National Vital Statistics System	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/surveys.htm#tabs-2-2
NCHS Coding Guidelines	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
Nonfatal opioid position statement and appendices, Interim Position Statement	https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/ps/2019ps/Nonfatal_Opioid_Overdose_011.pdf
Proposed Framework for Presenting Injury Data Using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) Diagnosis Codes. National vital statistics reports, 2016.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr089.pdf
Proposed ICD–10–CM Surveillance Case Definitions for Injury Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits. National vital statistics reports, 2017.	https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr100.pdf
Safe States Injury Surveillance Workgroup (ISW) reports	https://www.safestates.org/page/ISWReports
State Injury Indicator (SII) Report(s)	https://www.cdc.gov/injury/stateprograms/indicators.html
Slavova S, Costich JF, Luu H, et al. Interrupted time series design to evaluate the effect of the ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM coding transition on injury hospitalization trends. Inj Epidemiol. 2018;5(1):36. doi:10.1186/s40621-018-0165-8	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165830/
World Health Organization	https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/

References[KA2]

1. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). March 2019. www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. Accessed May 7, 2019.

2. Thomas KE, Johnson RL. State Injury Indicators Report: Instructions for Preparing 2016 Mortality Data. June 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/2016_state_injury_indicator_instructions-508.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

3. The Transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM: Guidance for Analysis and Reporting of Injuries by Mechanism and Intent. December 2016. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.safestates.org/resource/resmgr/isw9/ISW9_FINAL_Report.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

4. Nonfatal Drug Overdoses. August 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/nonfatal.html. Accessed May 27, 2019.

5. Nonfatal Opioid Overdose Standardized Surveillance Case Definition. 2018. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/ps/2019ps/Nonfatal_Opioid_Overdose_011.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

6. Thomas KE, Johnson RL. State Injury Indicators Report: Instructions for Preparing 2015 Data. April 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/2015_state_injury_indicator_instructions-a.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

7. Slavova S, Costich JF, Luu H, et al. Interrupted time series design to evaluate the effect of the ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM coding transition on injury hospitalization trends. Inj Epidemiol. 2018;5(1):36. doi:10.1186/s40621-018-0165-8

8. Hedegaard H, Johnson RL, Warner M, Chen L-H, Annest JL. Proposed Framework for Presenting Injury Data Using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) Diagnosis Codes. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2016;(89):1-20.

9. ICD-10-CM Coding Transition: Impacts to Injury Surveillance in North Carolina. https://www.injuryfreenc.ncdhhs.gov/DataSurveillance/ICD-10-Transition-1pg-Summary.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

10. Chapter 4: Presenting Injury Trends That Span the Transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM. In: The Transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM: Guidance for Analysis and Reporting of Injuries by Mechanism and Intent. Injury Surveillance Workgroup 9; 2016. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.safestates.org/resource/resmgr/isw9/ISW9_FINAL_Report.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

11. Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age Adjustment Using the 2000 Projected U.S. Population. January 2001. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2019.

12. Khan AM. R-software: A Newer Tool in Epidemiological Data Analysis. Indian J Community Med Off Publ Indian Assoc Prev Soc Med. 2013;38(1):56-58. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.106630

13. Last JM, International Epidemiological Association, eds. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.

14. Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. 3rd ed. Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2014.

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Additional Resources

ICD-10-CM 101: The Basics of ICD-10-CM Code Types and Structure

Selected Common Data Elements and their Structure

Additional Resource List

References[KA2]